Over the last 10 years, the availability of recombinant Epo has led to its widespread use in stimulating red cell synthesis for the treatment of severe anaemia associated with ac… Leukopenia, or decrease in white blood cells, can compromise your immune system. Use of synthetic EPO can cause the blood to thicken excessively. SLIDESHOW Addicted to Pills: The Health Risks of Drug Abuse See Slideshow. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your NursingAnswers.net purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. A normal EPO level means that your body can make healthy red blood cells. Grade 0, within normal limits, hemoglobin values are 12.0 to 16.0 g/dL for women and 14.0 … Too much erythropoietin might be causing too many red blood cells (polycythemia). While much of the press tends to focus on the performance enhancing effects of synthetic EPO; its use does carry some side effects and risks. Despite this EPOs prevalence endurance sports would suggest that many athletes across different codes consider it a performance enhancing substance, despite the obvious health risks. Athletes who use EPO do so largely to improve endurance performance or to improve recovery from exercise. Johannes Vogel, Max Gassmann. Traditionally, âblood dopingâ involved training at high altitude for a period of between 4 and 6 weeks. Athleteâs use of artificial EPO became a very popular method of performance enhancement, specifically for cyclists in the 1980s and has been linked with many champion athletes being stripped of titles and banned from the sport. The main finding of the report was that the health risks associated with EPO supplementation were simply not worth the increase in V02 max or power output. Although erythropoietin is removed from the liver within a day of administration, its effects may still be apparent for 2 to 3 weeks, and the consequence of excessive dosage may not be noticeable in time to be treated. EPO is also used in the treatment of Myelodysplasia, which is a type of cancer that inhibits the bone marrows ability to produce healthy RBCs. (2011). Erythropoietin (EPO)/peptide hormones - this is a naturally occurring hormone. They improve endurance. metabolites), but had the disadvantage of being expensive, little sensitive, and delicate to perform. Increase aerobic capacity. Despite its natural occurrence in the body it can be synthesized into a serum that people can inject through the skin. First of all, I would like to present this new sport modality that has become fashionable in our times.. 5 advantages and 5 disadvantages of ‘Crossfit’ The “Crossfit”, although it seems to be a new and revolutionary practice, has been trained in this way for decades in individual sports of high demand such as athletics or also in contact sports such as boxing. Know Erythropoietin uses, side-effects, composition, substitutes, drug interactions, precautions, dosage, warnings only on Lybrate.com Be that as it may, the current report made no notice of any such testing or test outcomes. A further study by Prof. Max Gassmann from the University of Zurich stated that EPO usage had massive psychological benefits to an athlete. A particularly dangerous class of anabolic steroids are the so-called designer … It allows for an increase in Vo2 max and power output. Erythropoietin an essential hormone for red blood cell production, is mainly produced in the liver before birth and in the kidney after birth 5).Erythropoietin is regulated in an oxygen-dependent manner by hypoxia inducible factor 6).Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia inducible factor proteins become stable and upregulate downstream genes including erythropoietin. For the purposes of this essay an understanding of what EPO (Erythropoietin) is will be established. It is most commonly associated with cyclists, cross-country skiers and distance runners. EPO. The use of ESAs has shed new light on the physiology of CKD anemia, where iron homeostasis plays an increasingly important role. The blood that was rich in oxygen was then harvested from the body exactly as one would donate blood. A few brands of erythropoietin were on the market in Europe, and even though the protein itself was identical, one of those brands had a different toxicity. The principal concerns are tumour progression, increased mortality and the risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs). Anemia, a deficiency in the concentration of hemoglobin-containing red blood cells, is prevalent among cancer patients. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NursingAnswers.net. List of Pros of Anabolic Steroids. All work is written to order. It's a perfectly legal strategy and accepted by WADA, the World Anti-Doping Agency, because of its safety record. Synthetic EPO is legitimately used by doctors to treat anaemia, or low red blood cell count, mainly in people with cancer, Aids or kidney problems. Too much erythropoietin might be evidence for a kidney tumor. 1. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! Acquired pure red cell aplasia, or PRCA, has been reported to be caused by EPO in some patients. If you experience drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension or a headache as side-effects when using Erythropoietin medicine then it may not be safe to drive a vehicle or operate heavy machinery. Designer steroids. EPO use has been associated with an increase in the risk of heart attack, stroke and clots in the lung. EPOâs use in medicinal practice is wide and varied and will be referred to also. These higher doses administered over long periods increase the likelihood of toxic reaction. Disclaimer: This essay has been written by a student and not our expert nursing writers. there isn't enough time to find the proper match of blood type. Advances in retroactive testing of blood, hair and urine samples may lead to other high profile athletes suffering the same fate in the years to come. J A A C Heuberger et al. Study for free with our range of nursing lectures! Its function is as a protein signaling molecule for RBC precursors in the bone marrow. One mechanism of EPO's action is to promote the survival and expansion of erythroid progenitors. Indirect methods of detection. This is a test to measure how much erythropoietin (EPO) you have in your blood. EPO is banned, in and out of competition, under the World Anti-Doping Code's list of prohibited drugs. For the purposes of this essay an understanding of what EPO (Erythropoietin) is will be established. EPO’s use in medicinal practice is wide and varied and will be referred to also. Tests are common in cycling but virtually non-existent in football. EPO is a hormone that your kidney makes to trigger your bone marrow to make red blood cells. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher in nursing or healthcare? EPO (Erythropoietin), its advantages and disadvantages for endurance athletes. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Adaptations aren't long lasting. Therefore its usefulness for endurance athletes is quite apparent. Are mammalian expression systems better than bacterial systems for the production of biologically active and stable erythropoietin? Erythropoietic and non-erythropoietic functions of erythropoietin (Epo) in mouse models. Where in the body are disaccharides digested and absorbed? Erythropoietin deficiency. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Reduce functioning of immune system. The primary study to be analyzed as part of this essay is âHemoglobin Mass and Running Time Trial Performance after Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration in Trained Menâ by Yiannis Pitsiladis et al. Erythropoietin (Blood) Does this test have other names? Erythropoietin , also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow. However its effectiveness on the performance of top athletes is up for debate as an increased ability to go harder for longer does not necessarily lead to increased athletic performance. EPO (Erythropoietin), its advantages and disadvantages for endurance athletes. Until the advent of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA), endogenous erythropoietin deficiency has been thought to be the main culprit of anemia in CKD patients. Use of synthetic EPO can cause the blood to thicken excessively. Disadvantages of intermittent hypoxic training. Copyright © 2003 - 2021 - NursingAnswers.net is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. What is EPO?Erythropoietin, known as EPO, is a synthetic version of a hormone that occurs naturally in the human body to stimulate red blood cell production. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in normal humans. Their times were enhanced 3% to 6% on average after 4 weeks of use. The heart has to work harder to pump the thicker blood and the blood is more prone to clot. . Erythropoietin is used for Anemia etc. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. Company Registration No: 4964706. This will culminate in a brief overview of the history of EPO usage or âBlood Dopingâ in professional sports. In terms of modern medicine, EPO is harvested from cell cultures and is used to treat anemia (a decrease in the bodies RBC count). The primary regulator of the growth and survival of erythroid progenitors, which mature into red blood cells, is the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo) [1]. Increases ability to transport oxygen. Info: 1396 words (6 pages) Nursing Essay An increase in red blood cells improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Blood doping is the misuse of certain techniques and/or substances to increase one’s red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to … The risk is exacerbated by dehydration, which often occurs during endurance exercise. Erythropoietin, known as EPO, is a synthetic version of a hormone that occurs naturally in the human body to stimulate red blood cell production. I contrast to this, a peer reviewed study of the effectiveness of EPO doping for cyclists suggested that there was no tangible evidence to support the claim that EPO enhances performance in top athletes. September 28, 2012, Erwin Z, Comments Off on Benefits of erythropoietin. Read our full mailing list consent terms here. The current review will analyse the main arguments in favour of erythropoietin (EPO), as well as those against EPO in chemotherapy-induced anaemia and in cancer-related anaemia. ... (PNI) is often incomplete. EPO allows bone marrow to create RBCs and thus extra hemoglobin. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been identified as a key factor in a feedback loop mechanism. When a person who has lived at high altitude moves to a sea level environment, production of erythropoietin is suppressed, the rate of red cell production declines, and the red cell count falls until the normal sea level value is achieved. Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO (up to 10 000 mU/mL) include any anemia, and hypoxemiadue to chronic lung … EPO is a hormone produced in the kidney and liver that stimulates the production of RBCs in the bone marrow in response to hypoxia stress. A vast number of studies concerning the effectiveness of EPO injection for Endurance athletes. The quicker the rate of high-impact respiration, the higher the level at which the competitor can work without using the anaerobic frameworks which deliver lactic acid and increase weakness. {{#verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}} {{^verifyErrors}} {{message}} {{/verifyErrors}}. Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. The National Cancer Institute and others classify anemia based on hemoglobin (Hb) values:6 1. Carsten Lundby and Niels Vidiendal Olsen. Free resources to assist you with your nursing studies! The Pitsiladis study was part funded by the World Anti-Doping agency. that causes the body to make more red blood cells. (2013). The current review will analyse the main arguments in favour of erythropoietin (EPO), as well as those against EPO in chemotherapy-induced anaemia and in cancer-related anaemia. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. Performance-enhancing drugs in children can also stunt a child’s growth. He surmised that EPOs possible mental health benefits were limitless given proper dosage and that it could be used to potentially alleviate the devastating symptoms suffered by Schizophrenics. EPO is produced naturally in the body by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidneys and by perisinusoidal cells present in the liver. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. One should not drive a vehicle if using the medicine makes you drowsy, dizzy or lowers your blood-pressure extensively. An understanding of how EPO works in the body will also be established. Introduction. Take a look at some of its pros and cons before you decide what stand to take on the issue. Improve altitude performance. What is often ignored are the long-term consequences of taking this drugs or hormones, which can include acne problems all over the skin, impotence in men, issues with balding, and difficulty in controlling one’s emotions. Headaches, dizziness and seizures are neurological symptoms known to be caused by EPO. What is EPO? Adverse Effects of EPO Use. Erythropoietin: Advantages and Disadvantages for Athletes. He found that there were serious gains to be made in terms of motivation after treating genetically modified mice that produced human EPO solely in their brains. Low levels of EPO (around 10 mU/mL) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover. (2007). Epo exerts this effect by specifically interacting with a receptor present on the surface of progenitor cells which leads to receptor activation and initiation of an intracellular signal cascade. EPO can also raise your blood pressure. Some people developed immunity to the erythropoietin, which caused them to develop immunity to their own erythropoietin. Human erythropoietin (hEpo), 2 a 34-kDa glycoprotein produced primarily by the kidney, is the principal factor regulating erythrocyte production . Production of EPO in adults is most common in the kidneys. This hormone is typically produced and activated in the kidneys, and may be used in patients who are in kidney failure. The clinical course of included per-protocol treated non-rtPA patients (n = 163) demonstrates a slightly better outcome of the EPO compared with the placebo group (mean Δ NIHSS of 5.3 ± 5.3 in EPO versus 3.3 ± 6.5 in placebo; P = 0.039) (Figure 2A).As a best estimate of the total increase in circulating damage marker concentrations, AUCs were calculated for each marker in all patients. glycoprotein hormone which controls erythropoiesis or red blood cell production This essay should not be treated as an authoritative source of information when forming medical opinions as information may be inaccurate or out-of-date. Published: 11th Feb 2020. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. It is stimulated by decreased O 2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin. The study was titled âErythropoietin doping in cycling: Lack of evidence for efficacy and a negative risk benefitâ by J A A C Heuberger et al. An understanding of how … Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. EPO acts in the body as a glycoprotein hormone that regulates red blood cell (RBC) production. hEpo induces erythroid progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation and inhibits apoptosis, resulting in increased erythrocyte production . Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? It can also be used to treat people with anemia, and in cases where patients need to build up their hematocrit but cannot … The study was undertaken by infusing long distance runners with EPO every other day for a month. *You can also browse our support articles here >, http://www.runnersworld.com/race-training/study-epo-effective-long-lasting, http://bikepure.org/resources/list-of-banned-substances/types-of-drugs-and-methods-used-in-cycling/, http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0056151, http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/performanceenhancingdrugs/a/EPO.htm. Consequently EPO is most generally utilized among endurance athletes as a means to increasing their RBC count which in turn results in better oxygen transportation along these lines and a vast improvement in aerobic respiration. It may also increase the body's capacity to reduce the build-up of lactic acid. VAT Registration No: 842417633. Too much erythropoietin in an athlete may suggest erythropoietin abuse. To summarize, EPO usage leads to an increase in RBC mass and its ability to transfer oxygen molecules around the body. Put simply, athletes who harness the power of EPO can go harder for longer. However, is it really worth it to overlook the disadvantages of using steroids for its advantages? Which of the following foods is the richest source of soluble fiber? Notwithstanding, EPO is also involved in the healing process after the infliction of wounds and is part of the cerebral response to neuronal trauma. The best example of this is erythropoietin. Too little erythropoietin might be responsible for too few red blood cells (anemia), especially anemia related to kidney disease. Erythropoietin increases in the body as do red blood cell counts and oxygen-carrying capacity. Benefits of erythropoietin. Difficult to complete normal levels of training due to reduced oxygen supply. The heart has to work harder to pump the thicker blood and the blood is more prone to … Our nursing and healthcare experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have, from simple essay plans, through to full nursing dissertations. The most famous case of admitted EPO use was by seven times Tour De France Champion, Lance Armstrong. The study did note that EPO infusions, which expand the body’s RBC mass (consequently prompting more prominent oxygen conveyance and speedier running exhibitions on persistent occasions), additionally diminish the body’s aggregate blood plasma volume. The oxygen rich blood was then transfused back into the body at sea level prior to or during competition. Human recombinant erythropoietin (HRE) is a hormone which is administered when a patient is not producing enough erythropoietin on his or her own. However athletes prior to the EPO era were more inclined to use anabolic steroids and amphetamines as a means of performance enhancement. If you need assistance with writing your nursing essay, our professional nursing essay writing service is here to help! What is this test? Given an understanding of its mechanism and its effect on the body, its usefulness to endurance athletes will be established. Studies on its effectiveness will then be analyzed and referred to with reference to the health risks attached to this use. Most EPO prescribed to patients contain major health warnings about increased risk of heart attack, stroke and even the reoccurrence of certain tumors. EPO (Erythropoietin), its advantages and disadvantages for endurance athletes. View professional sample essays here. The summary of their findings suggested there was no increase in performance for top cyclists and that performance was based on more than V02 max results and that higher power output for longer doesnât correlate with athletic performance, particularly in cycling. Use of synthetic EPO leads to thickening of the blood, which increases the risk of diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Benefits of erythropoietin. An understanding of how EPO works in the body will also be established. What does the mass spectrometer separate? They stated the reason for funding the study was the find ways of increasing the detectability of EPO use among professional endurance athletes, rather than to highlight the drugâs effectiveness. For the purposes of this essay an understanding of what EPO (Erythropoietin) is will be established. there is a high risk of blood infection. 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