The continued low temperatures, and the persisting white snow cover, mean that this additional energy reaching the Arctic from the sun is slow to have a significant impact because it is mostly reflected away without warming the surface. As the snow disappears on land, the underlying surfaces absorb even more energy, and begin to warm rapidly. The coastal regions in the southern part of the island are influenced more by open ocean water and by frequent passage of cyclones, both of which help to keep the temperature there from being as low as in the north. The extensive array of satellite-based remote-sensing instruments now in orbit has helped to replace some of the observations that were lost after the Cold War, and has provided coverage that was impossible without them. Overall, January's average temperature for the continental United States was 33 degrees, which NOAA reports is 2.9 degrees above average. It was also warmer than usual over much of western Canada and the USA, North Africa and the Middle East, relatively small regions of Brazil and southern Africa, … An essentially ice-free Arctic may be a reality in the month of September, anywhere from 2050 to 2100.[4]. The Northern Hemisphere January-October land and ocean surface temperature was the warmest such period since global records began in 1880 at 2.32°F (1.29°C) above average. On the June solstice 36% more solar radiation reaches the top of the atmosphere over the course of the day at the North Pole than at the Equator. The Greenland Ice Sheet covers about 80% of Greenland, extending to the coast in places, and has an average elevation of 2,100 m (6,900 ft) and a maximum elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft). Average temperatures in summer are above freezing over all regions except the central Arctic Basin, where sea ice survives through the summer, and interior Greenland[citation needed]. Routine satellite observations of the Arctic began in the early 1970s, expanding and improving ever since. At its maximum extent, in March, sea ice covers about 15 million km² (5.8 million sq mi) of the Northern Hemisphere, nearly as much area as the largest country, Russia.[9]. As with the rest of the planet, the climate in the Arctic has changed throughout time. Under the ice and snow is land, not ocean. As the Arctic continues receiving energy from the sun during this time, the land, which is mostly free of snow by now, can warm up on clear days when the wind is not coming from the cold ocean. These systems generally are weak during summers, but stronger in winters. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) is available from 1880 to 2019 at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/. Monthly precipitation totals over most of the Arctic Basin average about 15 mm (0.59 in) from November through May, and rise to 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in July, August, and September. The Labrador, Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas and Denmark and Davis Straits are strongly influenced by the cyclones in the North Atlantic storm track, which is most active in winter. Under the ice and snow is land, not ocean. Sea ice is important to the climate and the ocean in a variety of ways. This definition of the Arctic can be further divided into four different regions: Moving inland from the coast over mainland North America and Eurasia, the moderating influence of the Arctic Ocean quickly diminishes, and the climate transitions from Arctic to subarctic, generally in less than 500 kilometres (310 miles), and often over a much shorter distance. Finally, changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns caused by a global temperature change may cause more heat to be transferred to the Arctic, enhancing Arctic warming. The ice may be bare ice, or it may be covered by snow or ponds of melt water, depending on location and time of year. On the Atlantic side, the winds are strongest in winter, averaging 7 to 12 m/s (25 to 43 km/h (16 to 27 mph), and weakest in summer, averaging 5 to 7 m/s (18 to 25 km/h (11 to 16 mph). A cloudy sky can emit much more energy toward the surface than a clear sky, so when it is cloudy in winter, this region tends to be warm, and when it is clear, this region cools quickly.[2]. A strong temperature wave is developing in the Arctic circle, with surface temperatures more than 20°C above the long-term average in the Siberian sector. During these ice ages, large areas of northern North America and Eurasia were covered by ice sheets similar to the one found today on Greenland; Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. An earlier climatology of temperatures in the Arctic, based entirely on available data, is shown in this map from the CIA Polar Regions Atlas.[3]. Some locations near these coasts where the terrain is particularly conducive to causing orographic lift receive up 2,200 mm (87 in) of precipitation per year. By November, winter is in full swing in most of the Arctic, and the small amount of solar radiation still reaching the region does not play a significant role in its climate. Low spring and summer cloud frequency and the high elevation, which reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere, combine to give this region the most incoming solar radiation at the surface out of anywhere in the Arctic. The first major effort by Europeans to study the meteorology of the Arctic was the First International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882 to 1883. In addition the length of each day, which is determined by the season, has a significant impact on the climate. Today’s global weather, with the Arctic 5.3C above average. The average depth of the Greenland Ice Shield is 2,135 m. The sheet's thickness reaches up to 3,000 m. The age of the ice is estimated at about 110,000 years. Temperatures soared to … The interior ice sheet escapes much of the influence of heat transfer from the ocean or from cyclones, and its high elevation also acts to give it a colder climate since temperatures tend to decrease with elevation. Above normal temperatures and precipitation are expected across most of the Arctic region for November-January 2020/2021, according to a new seasonal climate outlook produced at the 6 th session of Arctic Climate Forum.. The average annual surface air temperature over land north of 60° N for October 2018 to September 2019 was the second warmest (after 2015/16) in the observational record beginning in 1900. The Arctic Weather Map below shows the weather forecast for the next 12 days. Variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching different parts of the Earth are a principal driver of global and regional climate. Coastal regions on the northern half of Greenland experience winter temperatures similar to or slightly warmer than the Canadian Archipelago, with average January temperatures of −30 to −25 °C (−22 to −13 °F). These data became available after the Cold War, and have provided evidence of thinning of the Arctic sea ice. The rest of the seas have ice cover for some part of the winter and spring, but lose that ice during the summer. [8], The map at right shows the areas covered by sea ice when it is at its maximum extent (March) and its minimum extent (September). January 2016 was a remarkably warm month. These provided knowledge of perhaps the most extreme climate of the Arctic, and also the first suggestion that the ice sheet lies in a depression of the bedrock below (now known to be caused by the weight of the ice itself). January, the same as December, is another dangerously cold winter month, with temperature in the range of an average low of -32.1°C (-25.8°F) and an average high of -26.1°C (-15°F). In the station climatology figure above, the Centrale plot is representative of the high Greenland Ice Sheet. High Temperature-23 °C-9 °F; Low Temperature-31 °C-24 °F; Rainfall 0 mm; Chance of Cloudy Day 22 % Chance of Fog Day 0 % Chance of Rain 0 % Chance of Snow Day 0 % Chance of Sunny Day 55 % Chance of Windy Day 4 % … During summer, the Arctic receives many hours of sunlight; however, snow and ice surfaces reflect much of it, softening the radiation — this phenomenon is known as the albedo effect. Maritime (ocean-tempered) conditions prevail over the Arctic Ocean, coastal Alaska, Iceland, northern Norway, and adjoining coastal sections of Russia. The winter ice cover allows temperatures to drop much lower in these regions than in the regions that are ice-free all year. Although this is terribly cold by any standard, … In areas dominated by the tundra climate type, winters are long and cold (temperatures may be below 0 °C [32 °F] for 6 to 10 months), especially in the region north of the Arctic Circle where, for at least one day in the year, the Sun does not rise. Average January temperatures range from about —40 to 0° C (-40 to +32° F), while winter temperatures can drop below —50° C (-58° F) over large parts of the Arctic. These pieces of software are sometimes relatively simple, but often become highly complex as scientists try to include more and more elements of the environment to make the results more realistic. Arctic precipitation occurs mostly as snow, with less than 50 centimeters of precipitation falling annually in most areas. Variations in cloud cover can cause significant variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface at locations with the same latitude. The presence of the land allows temperatures to reach slightly more extreme values than the seas themselves. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. This report also states that "most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely [greater than 90% chance] due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations." This plot shows the departure from average air temperature in the Arctic at the 925 hPa level, in degrees Celsius, for January 2020. Unusual clear periods can lead to increased sea-ice melt or higher temperatures (NSIDC). Year-round, the strongest average winds occur in the North Atlantic seas (Barents, Greenland, etc. Likewise the United States and Canadian governments cut back on spending for Arctic observing as the perceived need for the DEWLINE declined. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century expeditions were largely driven by traders in search of these shortcuts between the Atlantic and the Pacific. This is especially true near the coast, where the terrain rises from sea level to over 2,500 m (8,200 ft), enhancing precipitation due to orographic lift. Average winter temperatures range from a high of 67.4 degrees Fahrenheit (19.7 degrees Celsius) in Hawaii to a low of 2.6 °F (-16.3 °C) in Alaska. Therefore, temperature tends to decrease with increasing latitude. Average and below average temperatures prevailed in the Beaufort and … Most Arctic seas are covered by ice for part of the year (see the map in the sea-ice section below); 'ice-free' here refers to those which are not covered year-round. An intense Arctic outbreak affected a large part of the Midwest, at the end of January. The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has. Maximum wind speeds in the Atlantic region can approach 50 m/s (180 km/h (110 mph) in winter.[10]. According to NCEI's Annual Rankings Outlook, there is a 54% chance of 2020 ending as the warmest year on record. The Arctic Weather Map below shows the weather forecast for the next 12 days. The monthly extent was 42,500 square miles smaller than the previous record set in 2017. However the two most widely used definitions in the context of climate are the area north of the northern tree line, and the area in which the average summer temperature is less than 10 °C (50 °F), which are nearly coincident over most land areas (NSIDC). Over most areas snow is the dominant, or only, form of precipitation in winter, while both rain and snow fall in summer (Serreze and Barry 2005). Serreze, Mark C. and Roger Graham Barry, 2005: ocean surrounding the North Pole was ice-free, summer sea ice transitions through spring thaw, summer melt ponds, and autumn freeze-up, "Representation of Mean Arctic Precipitation from NCEP–NCAR and ERA Reanalyses", 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0182:ROMAPF>2.0.CO;2, Aerosols May Drive a Significant Portion of Arctic Warming, "Studies of the Arctic Suggest a Dire Situation", Video on Climate Research in the Bering Sea, The Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts, How Climate Change Is Growing Forests in the Arctic, Arctic Ice Caps May Be More Prone to Melt; A new core pulled from Siberia reveals a 2.8-million-year history of warming and cooling, Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Effects of global warming on marine mammals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_the_Arctic&oldid=1002675001, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from July 2018, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Arctic Basin includes the Arctic Ocean within the average minimum extent of sea ice, The entire island of Greenland, although its, The Arctic waters that are not sea ice in late summer, including. The small daily temperature range (the length of the vertical bars) results from the fact that the sun's elevation above the horizon does not change much or at all in this region during one day. In the interior, temperatures are kept from rising much above freezing because of the snow-covered surface but can drop to −30 °C (−22 °F) even in July. But positive ocean temperatures do not cause +20°C anomalies over the Arctic on their own. As a result, the most complete collection of surface observations from the Arctic is for the period 1960 to 1990.[2]. Antarctica is dry—and high. Temperatures were also substantially above average over and near regions of the Arctic where sea-ice cover was much lower than the 1981-2010 average, including the Bering Strait, parts of Baffin Bay and Hudson Bay, and the northern Barents Sea. It melts just as dramatically each summer, reaching its minimum in September. Regions of below-average temperature were quite widespread over land and over the frozen Arctic Ocean. It's been happening for several years now, especially in the autumn, but it never ceases to unsettle meteorologists like myself: Temperatures … Many of these stations also collected meteorological data. The average temperature in January is almost everywhere below -10 °C (14 °F), and it goes down to -45 °C (-49 °F) in the Eastern inland areas. The average high for January 15 in International Falls is 15 degrees. This map was made in the 1970s, and the extent of sea ice has decreased since then (see below), but this still gives a reasonable overview. In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing. In January sea water temperature all along the Arctic Ocean coast is not yet warm enough for swimming and does not exceed 20°C/68°F. Stronger winds do occur in storms, often causing whiteout conditions, but they rarely exceed 25 m/s (90 km/h (56 mph) in these areas. In winter, the Canadian Archipelago experiences temperatures similar to those in the Arctic Basin, but in the summer months of June to August, the presence of so much land in this region allows it to warm more than the ice-covered Arctic Basin. The average temperatures of the continent are extremely low. Compared to the average from roughly 20 years ago, the surface water temperature has gone up 1-3°C. The presence of the islands, most of which lose their snow cover in summer, allows the summer temperatures to rise well above freezing. At night the average minimum temperature drops down to around -25°C, that's -13°F. Surface air temperature anomaly for January 2019 relative to the January average for the period 1981-2010. The lowest extreme temperatures in the winter are between −65 and −50 °F (−54 and −46 °C). The daily average in July is around freezing (0 °C or 32 °F) on the northern islands and along the Arctic coast, while it goes up to 20 °C (68 °F) in the southernmost areas. Civilian scientific research on the ground has certainly continued in the Arctic, and it is getting a boost from 2007 to 2009 as nations around the world increase spending on polar research as part of the third International Polar Year. This caused Fridtjof Nansen to realize that the sea ice was moving from the Siberian side of the Arctic to the Atlantic side. The warmest twelve-month period was from October 2015 to September 2016, with a temperature 0.64°C above average. In contrast, high pressure (the Siberian High) dominates eastern Eurasian winters. More precipitation falls in winter, when the storm track is most active, than in summer. Such intense cold is not very common in this area; the last comparable period was in early January 2014. Much of the winter variability in this region is due to clouds. The east coast of the central third of the island receives between 200 and 600 mm (7.9 and 23.6 in) of precipitation per year, with increasing amounts from north to south. Temperatures over … In most of the Arctic the significant snow melt begins in late May or sometime in June. Average January temperatures range from about —40 to 0° C (-40 to +32° F), while winter temperatures can drop below —50° C (-58° F) over large parts of the Arctic. The climate profile is taken from closest available data source to Arctic Village. These factors result in a negligible input of solar energy to the Arctic in winter; the only things keeping the Arctic from continuously cooling all winter are the transport of warmer air and ocean water into the Arctic from the south and the transfer of heat from the subsurface land and ocean (both of which gain heat in summer and release it in winter) to the surface and atmosphere. During summer, typically one to two meters of the ground thaw and remain mostly waterlogged. The average annual surface air temperature over land north of 60° N for October 2017-September 2018 was the second warmest (after 2015-16) in the observational record beginning in 1900. NOAA's North Pole Web Cams having been tracking the Arctic summer sea ice transitions through spring thaw, summer melt ponds, and autumn freeze-up since the first webcam was deployed in 2002–present. Arctic, United States of America visibility is going to be around 9 km i.e. According to NASA and recent findings from the EU's Copernicus Climate Change Service, last year tied 2016 as the warmest on record. Source: ERA-Interim. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSerrezeHurst2000 (. The Arctic Basin is typically covered by sea ice year round, which strongly influences its summer temperatures. ERA40 has been applied for the 1958-2002 climatology (white line), while the operational ECMWF is used for the current year. In the early 1930s the first significant meteorological studies were carried out on the interior of the Greenland ice sheet. (Gray indicates no data.) By the end of the 21st century, the annual average temperature in the Arctic is predicted to increase by 2.8 to 7.8 °C (5.0 to 14.0 °F), with more warming in winter (4.3 to 11.4 °C (7.7 to 20.5 °F)) than in summer. The Arctic region is entirely an ocean and has no large-scale landmass. Ocean temperature anomaly analysis actually shows that the temperatures in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland sea are currently warmer than the long-term average. Since there is no sunlight, the thermal radiation emitted by the atmosphere is one of this region's main sources of energy in winter. In 1958 an American nuclear submarine, the Nautilus was the first ship to reach the North Pole. Arctic temperatures for the past five years (2014-18) all exceed previous records. These regions have summer temperatures between about 0 and 8 °C (32 and 46 °F). Each winter it grows dramatically, usually reaching its maximum in March. November 2020 marked the 21st consecutive … The Arctic is often perceived as a region stuck in a permanent deep freeze. In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the polar ice pack, keeps the North Pole from being the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, and it is also part of the reason that Antarctica is so much colder than the Arctic. The straits between these islands often remain covered by sea ice throughout the summer. South Pole At the South Pole, 2,800 meters (9,200 feet) above sea level, the average annual temperature is -49 °C (-56 °F), ranging from about -28 °C (-18 °F) in January to about -59.5 °C (-74.5 °F) in July.The lowest recorded temperature is -83 °C (-117 °F), while the highest is -12 °C (10 °F). [2] Another significant moment in Arctic observing before World War II occurred in 1937 when the USSR established the first of over 30 North-Pole drifting stations. 2016 is the warmest calendar year on record, with a global temperature 0.62°C above that for 1981-2010. The largest temperature increases are in the Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise. [16] Samples from ice cores, tree rings and lake sediments from 23 sites were used by the team, led by Darrell Kaufman of Northern Arizona University, to provide snapshots of the changing climate. The west coast of the central third of Greenland is also influenced by some cyclones and orographic lift, and precipitation totals over the ice sheet slope near this coast are up to 600 mm (24 in) per year. In summer, the temperature in the Atlantic-European part of the Arctic is about 10°C. The climate of Greenland is the most severe; about 80% of the island is covered with ice. The Arctic and northern Siberia saw particularly extreme average temperatures in 2020, with a large region 3C higher than the long-term average and some locations more than 6C higher. Search : Search. The climate profile is taken from closest available data source to Cruise Arctic Circle. The ocean under the Arctic ice is cold, but still warmer than the ice! PSC daily progression and annual means The daily progression through 2020/2021 of the PSC area and volume statistics, comparing 2020/2021 to the climatology of all other seasons. Between 1947 and 1957, the United States and Canadian governments established a chain of stations along the Arctic coast known as the Distant Early Warning Line (DEWLINE) to provide warning of a Soviet nuclear attack. Minimum temperatures in winter over the higher parts of the ice sheet can drop below −60 °C (−76 °F)(CIA, 1978). The climate of the Arctic also depends on the amount of sunlight reaching the surface, and being absorbed by the surface. And 2000-2009 was the hottest decade. … Rockford reached an all-time record low of −31 °F (−35 °C), shattering the old record of −27 °F (−33 °C) from 1982. Eastern Europe, Russia, the Arctic, and the Antarctic Peninsula were exceptionally warm (1.5 to 3.5 degrees Celsius above average). This region is continuously below freezing, so all precipitation falls as snow, with more in summer than in the winter time. The coldest location in the Northern Hemisphere is not in the Arctic, but rather in the interior of Russia's Far East, in the upper-right quadrant of the maps. Most of the Basin receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation per year, qualifying it as a desert. And it’s got mountains. The average high temperature in summer approaches 10 °C (50 °F), and the average low temperature in July is above freezing, though temperatures below freezing are observed every month of the year. At the North Pole on the June solstice, around 21 June, the sun circles at 23.5° above the horizon. It has an extreme climate with temperatures plunging in January to an average maximum of -42C and then surging in June to 20C. These regions are slightly warmer than the Archipelago because of their closer proximity to areas of thin, first-year sea ice cover or to open ocean in the Baffin Bay and Greenland Sea. [13], According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "warming of the climate system is unequivocal", and the global-mean temperature has increased by 0.6 to 0.9 °C (1.1 to 1.6 °F) over the last century. During the polar night the Arctic does not receive any sunlight and warmth. Their report for 2020 shows that the Arctic Ocean, along with its inhabitants, have taken a big hit this year. Smaller regions of the Arctic Basin just north of Svalbard and the Taymyr Peninsula receive up to about 400 mm (16 in) per year.[5]. Winter precipitation generally consists of dry snow, with seasonal totals less than in the summer when cyclonic storms that develop along the boundary between the open … The 24-hour days found near the poles in summer result in a large daily-average solar flux reaching the top of the atmosphere in these regions. National and commercial expeditions continued to expand the detail on maps of the Arctic through the eighteenth century, but largely neglected other scientific observations. For the entire United States, excluding Hawaii and Alaska, the season averages just above freezing at 33.2 °F (0.7 °C). Temperatures running about 10 degrees warmer than average this week. These unusually high air temperatures are likely related to the behavior of the AO. Even then, temperatures won’t drop significantly. In the station-climatology figure above, the plot for Resolute is typical of this region. The result is winter temperatures that are lower than anywhere else in the Arctic, with average January temperatures of −45 to −30 °C (−49 to −22 °F), depending on location and on which data set is viewed. You can also get the latest temperature, weather and wind observations from actual weather stations … These forays into the Arctic did not venture far from the North American and Eurasian coasts, and were unsuccessful at finding a navigable route through either passage. The Russian government ended the system of drifting North Pole stations, and closed many of the surface stations in the Russian Arctic. Due to the lack of major population centres in the Arctic, weather and climate observations from the region tend to be widely spaced and of short duration compared to the midlatitudes and tropics. The number of days with measurable precipitation (more than 0.1 mm [0.004 in] in a day) is slightly greater in July than in January (USSR 1985). Today's satellite instruments provide routine views of not only cloud, snow, and sea-ice conditions in the Arctic, but also of other, perhaps less-expected, variables, including surface and atmospheric temperatures, atmospheric moisture content, winds, and ozone concentration. Antarctica is dry—and high. Second, because colder air holds less water vapour than warmer air, in the Arctic, a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming the atmosphere, whereas in the tropics, a greater fraction goes into evaporation. First is the ice-albedo feedback, whereby an initial warming causes snow and ice to melt, exposing darker surfaces that absorb more sunlight, leading to more warming. Temperature. During winter, in most of the territory, the powerful Siberian Anticyclone dominates, except in the … However, the high elevation, and corresponding lower temperatures, help keep the bright snow from melting, limiting the warming effect of all this solar radiation. Winter temperatures average below freezing over all of the Arctic except for small regions in the southern Norwegian and Bering Seas, which remain ice free throughout the winter. Credit: NSIDC courtesy NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division The sea ice begins to refreeze, and eventually gets a fresh snow cover, causing it to reflect even more of the dwindling amount of sunlight reaching it. 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